Juliet Monologue (Act 2, Scene 2) “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”

Next to ‘To be or not to be’, this line has got to be Shakespeare’s most famous line in all his plays. Yet, for so simple a line, it is so frequently misunderstood and misrepresented in performance. Let’s dig into this essential monologue of Juliet’s from Act 2, Scene 2, and see what we can discover.

Context

As always, you’ve got to read the play, but in case you’ve missed the story of Romeo and Juliet, here’s what you need to know. Juliet is a member of the Capulet family. Romeo is a Montague. They both live in Verona, and those two families have been at war for as long as anyone can remember. One night, there’s a party at the Capulet mansion, Romeo and his mates gatecrash. The plan is for the Montague boys to go to the party to have a few laughs and hopefully remind Romeo that there are other fish in the sea (he’s in love with this gal called Roseline) but instead what happens is the cosmic collision of Romeo and Juliet. These two see each other and instantly fall in love. Within the space of 15 minutes, they have kissed and subsequently have learned who the other truly is – a sword enemy. It’s really a hot mess. Juliet’s speech we’re looking at takes place on the same night, after the party. She is lamenting Romeo’s parentage and the cruelty of fate.

Other Things to Consider

It’s also worth noting that Romeo DEFINITELY feels the same way. He’s actually listening to this speech, he’s hidden in the garden below Juliet’s balcony where this soliloquy (and scene) takes place. It’s a wonderful moment of dramatic irony where the audience knows of Romeo’s eavesdropping but Juliet doesn’t. 

It’s also worth noting that Juliet is 13 years old. She has never known love, and has publicly expressed her lack of interest in marriage to her parents. This first meeting with Romeo has really revolutionised her world-view. It’s safe to say there’s kinda a lot going on for her at this moment. Let’s look at the text.

Original Text

O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?
Deny thy father and refuse thy name.
Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love
And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.
‘Tis but thy name that is my enemy:
Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.
What’s Montague? It is nor hand nor foot
Nor arm nor face nor any other part
Belonging to a man. O be some other name.
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet;
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d,
Retain that dear perfection which he owes
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,
And for that name, which is no part of thee,
Take all myself.

Unfamiliar Language

Wherefore: why
Wilt: will
Capulet: Juliet’s surname. She is a member of the Capulet family, Romeo is a Montague.
Doff: remove

Modern Translation

Oh Romeo, Romeo, WHY are you ROMEO?
Discard your parents and disown your name.
Or if you won’t do that, tell me you love me and I’ll no longer keep my name of Capulet.
It’s only your name that is my enemy:
You are yourself. You are not the name ‘Montague’.
What is ‘Montague’?! It isn’t a hand or a foot
or an arm or a face, or any other part of a man’s body.
Oh, just be a different name!
What’s so significant about a name, anyway.
The flower called ‘Rose’ would smell as sweet no matter what it’s name was.
Just like Romeo would if he wasn’t called Romeo keep that perfection
he possesses even without his name.
Romeo, get rid of your name, and in its place take all of me.

In Performance

Let’s first and foremost clear up the elephant in the room. I’ve already mentioned it a few times on this page, both in the unfamiliar language and the modern translation, but here’s a bit of further clarity. Wherefore means why. Juliet is not looking for Romeo. She has NO idea that he’s in the Capulet orchard right now. The orchard has really high walls and guards that would kill Romeo on sight. As far as Juliet is concerned, she is alone with the stars and the night sky. This is a really important point, because her isolation is the one thing which allows her to be so honest for the audience.

Juliet is asking why Romeo is who he is. She has gone from experiencing the most intense, mind blowing experience of love at first sight to plummeting to the depths of despair in learning that Romeo is the one person she is not permitted to love.

Act 2 scene 2, often called ‘The Balcony Scene’ for its setting, is one of the most iconic and wonderful scenes to watch in the whole play, perhaps in the whole of Shakespeare’s canon. From the actors it required a certain level of devotion and submission to the grandeur of the situation. To Romeo and Juliet, this situation IS life or death.

It is also important to note that this monologue of Juliet’s is a soliloquy, it is addressed to the audience. In Shakespeare, when a character speaks to the audience they are genuinely speaking to them. They are often recruiting them for help in solving a problem, or using them a a sounding board. It’s like speaking to a confidant, someone who you can genuinely ask the deepest questions of your heart, and puzzle things out in real time.

The core of this monologue is an argument. Juliet is working out a problem, which is that she cannot be with Romeo because he is a member of the Montague family and the sworn enemy of her bloodline. So the problem she must solve is: How can we be together? Through the course of the monologue she set up a question, and then answers it in a series of different arguments, ultimately coming to the conclusion/solution to her problem.

Central Question: Wherefore art thou Romeo?

She begins with the central question which must be answered. This is a genuine question which she puzzles over with the audience. Why must her true love be someone forbidden to her to marry? The first part of the line Romeo, oh Romeo, can be a lamentation, an entreaty, a gasp of delight. But then she must get to the very real business of solving this problem. It is important in your performance that this question is not rhetorical. It is active, and the question that all the following lines flow from.

Argument 1: We could deny our names.

Juliet’s first spark of inspiration finds a landing point in the line ‘Deny thy father and refuse thy name‘. She discovers a possible answer, here. She suggests that all Romeo needs to do for them to be together is to disinherit himself and cast off his own name. She is also willing to get rid of her own name. She asks only that he give her some affirmation of his devlotion before she does so. Remember, at this point she only knows how deeply she feels, and fears that she is alone in her feelings of utter devotion to Romeo.

Argument 2: The problem isn’t you, it’s just your name.

Next, she goes on to argue that the problem with ‘Montague’ isn’t Romeo himself. It is merely the name ‘Montague’, which holds so much history and hatred in her family. There is nothing, she argues, about Romeo that makes him ‘a Montague’ other than the name. She even has a small moment of potential humour here, where she slyly references ‘any other part belonging to a man’, in your performance you may choose to make her quite shy about this. Conversely, perhaps she is quite excited by the prospect, lusting after that particular part belonging to a man. 

Argument 3: The name is not the thing itself.

Then, she is off and running with this train of thought. She begins to question what is so important about names anyway. She has evidence for this, and it comes to her in a flash of inspiration. She is puzzling it out in real time with the audience, making her case. A rose does not smell sweet because it is called a rose, a rose smells sweet because that is it’s nature. The name would not change that fact about itself. So, she goes on to discover, even if Romeo gave up the name Montague, he would still be every brilliant and perfect thing he is. This emboldens her and launches her into her concluding argument.

Conclusion/Solution: Give up your name, and take me instead.

“Romeo, doff thy name,
And for that name, which is no part of thee,
Take all myself.”

She is emboldened now, very different from the lost and despairing Juliet at the start of the monologue. She has been on a journey of discovery which culminates in her excitement at having found a potential solution to her woes. All that needs to happen is for Romeo to doff his name. The get rid of the name that isn’t really a part of him anyway, and to receive in return all of Juliet. No doubt she is quite pleased to have found such an elegant solution to their problem.

As we tread more and more into modernising Shakespeare, there lies a risk that we normalise or trivialise the stakes of this scene. We’re all woke 21 century people who have more realistic expectations about love and relationships, but we must be careful of letting our own values stomp all over the desperation and beautiful naïveté of this scene. In my opinion, without an effective version of this soliloquy and this scene, there really isn’t a play. This scene and the performances given are what the whole scene hinges on. (No pressure).

So, allow yourself to GO THERE. tap into passion, tap into desperation. It isn’t ‘a bit of a nuisance’ that Romeo is a Montague, it’s literally the end of the world. The stakes need to be that high.

Declan Donnellan, in his book the Actor and the Target explores this scene and the character of Juliet wonderfully, I’d highly recommend it. He talks about stakes as a duality: what does Juliet stand to gain, and what does she stand to lose. You need to answer this question yourself, but if the stakes aren’t as dramatic as “I stand to gain the one thing that gives meaning to my existence and I stand to lose everything I’ve ever loved and cared about”, you may need to dig a little deeper.

Donnellan would also encourage the actor playing Juliet to focus on her Targets, and to see through Juliet’s eyes. There is a risk that this soliloquy becomes internal and introspective- resist this temptation. Bring the words out, play an objective, seek to have an effect on the targets around you, even if the only targets she can find are The Sky or Fate, for example.

Conclusion

Make it GRAND. Enjoy the pleasure of Shakespeare at it’s finest and most iconic. Shakespeare, as with most storytelling, is life with the boring bits taken out. There’s nothing mundane or pedestrian happening here. For Romeo and Juliet at this moment, the rest of the world has ceased its rotation. This moment means everything to them. Embrace that, it’s your job, it’s your privilege.