Sonnet 116

Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments. 

Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare’s most well-loved sonnets. This iconic Shakespeare sonnet sits alongside other classics such as Sonnet 18 (Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?) and 130 (My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun). Though the opening line of these sonnets may be familiar, we plan on diving a little deeper into the text to see if we can unpack what sonnet 116 is all about!

This sonnet deals with the nature of love, investigating what it is, and what it is not. The core notion is that love is “never shaken” and an “ever-fixed mark”. This is a theme that has carried on through our poetic tradition and modern storytelling tradition: true love that never ends. Basically this is theme of every romantic film ever; in Twilight, they take this idea to the next level by literally becoming immortal to be together forever. This oft-quoted sonnet is a staple of weddings for this very reason.

This is a truly beautiful sonnet and definitely worth exploring further. I believe this is a testament to what love is really about. Though the word marriage is used, the sonnet has nothing to do with getting married, or the institution of marriage. Instead it’s about true, everlasting, and deep connection between two people.

Now let’s take a look at the sonnet itself. Here is the full original Shakespearean text…

Sonnet 116 (Shakespeare Text)

Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments; love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove.

O no, it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken.

Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle’s compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.

If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

116 Modern Translation of Sonnet 116

Le me deny the idea that anything can come between two minds who are meant for one another.

Love is not true love
which changes when it finds a change in its participants
or lessens when the beloved goes away.

No, it is a permanent beacon
that weathers wild storms and is never shaken, still shining bright.

It is the constant North Star used as a guide by all lost ships,
whose true value is unknown, although it may have been appraised by an outside eye.

Love is not brought down by time, though a lover’s youthful rosy lips and cheeks
are affected by the inevitable march toward death,
true love alters not with the relative briefness of a single life,
but bears out even to the end of the world!

If this is wrong and you can prove otherwise,

I have never written anything, and no one has ever truly loved.

Unfamiliar words

True: loyal, faithful

Admit: accept or let in, acknowledge, allow for,

Bend – change

Mark – a ‘seamark’ or beacon, like a lighthouse

Bark – ship

Wandering – lost, straying from the path

Star – lodestar, a guiding star, or more specifically the pole star or north star. The brightest star that appears in the sky and is used for navigation.

Compass – range, scope

Bear out – endure, weather

Difficult phrases

marriage of true minds – this is a tricky and often debated line. I believe “true minds” means a total relationship, meaning more than they are completely faithful to each other. This is also a reference to the working used in traditional marriage ceremonies of the time. There is some speculation, and a lot of evidence to suggest, that Shakespeare wrote sonnets 1-126 about a young man with whom he was in a very meaningful relationship. Scholars argue about whether this was platonic or romantic, but either way we can read this line as an indication of the depth of their relationship, most likely not limited to a physical relationship but extending to a deep intellectual one.

Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken – A ‘bark’ or ship used to be weighed at port through a process of measuring how much water it displaced. The heavier a boat was the more water it displaced, and therefore the difference in its height on the water. The value of the cargo was then ascribed based on how much the height of the ship changed. When we look at the phrase ‘worth’s unknown although his height be taken’ it refers to this method of valuation, meaning that although the ship has it’s ‘worth’ ascribed via the height, the true value of the ship’s cargo is something else entirely.

Edge of doom – doomsday, end of the world.

Poetic Structure of Sonnet 116 

This poem, like a lot of Shakespeare’s poetic work, is written in Iambic Pentameter. This sonnet also follows the standard rhyming structure of most sonnets: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. For example in the first quatrain, you can see “minds” rhymes with “finds” and “love” with “remove”. (Wait, WHAT – REMOVE???) We have to take into account the change in accent and pronunciation (more on Original Pronunciation), so in modern English, in most accents, this no longer rhymes. Do not force this rhyme, it is simply something we have to be aware of.

The rhythm throughout is fairly consistent, but there are examples where Shakespeare plays with the standard Iambic Pentameter. Generally, when Shakespeare breaks up his rhythm we see a character who is more agitated. One example of where the normal rhythm is broken is in the first line where we have a trochaic substitution. Without going into the details here, we basically are hitting the first beat “let” rather than “me”, as we normally would do in a standard Iambic line. There are a few other examples of this throughout, but for Shakespeare, who loves to play with the standard de-dum de-dum, he is fairly regular within this sonnet.

Shakespeare also uses polyptoton within this sonnet. If we look at the first quatrain we see alters/alteration and remover/remove. Polyptoton simply means the repetition of words derived from the same root word, but with altered endings such as “enjoy” and “enjoyable”.  For me, these are worth observing, but always from an actor’s perspective not an intellectual perspective. Why does Shakespeare do this? There is something interesting about a poem that speaks of the constancy of love, but uses ever changing language to describe it.

There is obviously a lot more to explore but these were just some of my initial observations. It’s great to be reminded that Shakespeare was an absolute master. Nothing was done accidentally and every word, every syllable, was agonised over to give the piece balance and flow.

Analysis of Sonnet 116

First of all Sonnet 116 is the companion piece of Sonnet 115, and reading them together always is helpful. Let’s take a look:

Sonnet 115

Those lines that I before have writ do lie,
Even those that said I could not love you dearer:
Yet then my judgment knew no reason why
My most full flame should afterwards burn clearer.
But reckoning Time, whose million’d accidents
Creep in ‘twixt vows, and change decrees of kings,
Tan sacred beauty, blunt the sharp’st intents,
Divert strong minds to the course of altering things;
Alas! why, fearing of Time’s tyranny,
Might I not then say, ‘Now I love you best,’
When I was certain o’er incertainty,
Crowning the present, doubting of the rest?
   Love is a babe, then might I not say so,
   To give full growth to that which still doth grow?

115 is all about growth and change. 116, by contrast, is all about constancy even until the “edge of doom”. I think it’s helpful to read this sonnet to get a sense of where the poet is coming from contextually.

For me, the trickiest part of this sonnet is the start. Though it’s widely quoted and easy enough to understand in the context of the sonnet, what did Shakespeare mean by “true minds”? This was the tricky term for me, but to put it simply, Shakespeare is denying that anything can come between (be an impediment) to true or faithful love.

In Church of England wedding services, this line used to be used: “If either of you know any inward impediment” so this piece is redolent of formal marriage, but is perhaps a comment on “true” marriage or connection of two people deeply and spiritually, not just for the convenience of marriage as it often was at the time. Shakespeare is perhaps saying that if two people truly love each other there can be nothing that will stop them having that loving relationship (no impediments).

Once we break past that first thought, the piece opens up and for me became much simpler. We basically bear witness Shakespeare talking through what the nature of “true” love is.

There is a fairly consistent through-line of the nature of true love, but Shakespeare investigates this from different angles. We see in the first quatrain: What love is not – changeable. In the second quatrain: What love is: “ever-fixed”. Then we see, in the third quatrain, what love is not, again; this time it is even stronger than before. At the end of the speech, as is common in Shakespeare, we have a volta (or, change in tone). The poet, or narrator, becomes quite strong on his personal opinions in the final couplet after having been more poetic and reflective throughout the preceding sections of the poem; it’s almost like a guarantee at the end of the speech.

Conclusion

So there you have it. A look inside one of Shakespeare’s most famous sonnets. If you are passionate about how to better perform Shakespeare, working on the sonnets is one of the best ways to improve your craft. You don’t have to read a full play, or understand a character, simply find your own connection with the text. I hope this page has helped clarify and unlock some of the magic hidden within Shakespeare’s marvellous sonnet 116.

Laurence Olivier Performing Sonnet 116

 

Patrick Stewart performing Sonnet 116